Many chemical reactions do not go to completion but instead attain a state of chemical equilibrium. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. Probability, thermodynamics, ergodicity and the approach to equilibrium, statistical ensembles, noninteracting quantum systems, interacting systems, mean field theory of phase transitions, nonequilibrium phenomena. When this point is reached, the temperature must remain constant until one of the phases disappears. Liquid and gas phase of a system stay in equilibrium along the vaporization curve while sublimation curve represents the equilibrium stage between solid and gas phase. In general practice it is sufficient to consider only solid and liquid phases, thus pressure is assumed to be constant 1 atm. Derivation of phase rule, brief concept on one and two. Cementite is not a equilibrium phase and would tend to decompose into fe and graphite. Notes on oscillations and mechanical waves periodic motion. At equilibrium, the two phases will have the same free energy. Lecture 9 chemical equilibrium and solution chemistry. The nature of a theory is determined by its postulational basis and it is to be expected that the reformulation of the basic postulates of thermodynamics.
Given a chemical equation, write the law of mass action. Phase equilibrium an overview sciencedirect topics. Lecture notes on classical mechanics a work in progress daniel arovas department of physics university of california, san diego may 8, 20. Introduction to materials science, chapter 9, phase diagrams university of tennessee, dept. Yannelis department of economics university of illinois, urbanachampaign august 2003 1the notes, based on my lectures, were. Lecture notes section contains the class notes files. Phase equilibria and phase diagrams phase diagrams are one of the most important sources of information concerning the behavior of elements, compounds and solutions. Phase equilibrium phase equilibrium is the study of the equilibrium which exists between or within different states of matter namely solid, liquid and gas.
This equilibrium is known assolubility equilibrium. We will focus on twodimensional systems, but the techniques used here also work in n dimensions. Lecture notes for chemical engineering for academic refresher course programmeiii for hindustan zinc limited, udaipur organized by practice school division, birla institute of technology and science pilani, rajssthan, india, 7385. A principle called the phase rule can be applied to all heterogeneous equilibria. Characteristics of light light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is transverse. Phase equilibria the equilibrium phase is always the one with the lowest free energy g h t s the driving force for a phase change is the minimization of free energy equilibrium state with minimum free energy under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition e. Lecture 9 chemical equilibrium and solution chemistry why do we need to study chemical equilibrium. Phase equilibrium is a common assumption used in process systems modelling. Lectures on kinetic theory of gases and statistical physics. These are lecture notes for ame 60636, fundamentals of combustion, a course taught since 1994 in the department of aerospace and mechanical engineering of the university of notre dame. Effect of change in pressure no effect of pressure on equilibria having same moles of. Handouts of the lectures two slides per page can be obtained for perusal or printing out by clicking on the appropriate lecture below. Schematic figure for ion exchange phenomenon in chromatography 2.
Criterion for phase equilibrium the thermodynamic criterion for phase equilibrium is simple. Chem 340 lecture notes 9 fall 20 phase equilibria chap. A phase is defined as a homogenous part of a system which has uniform. In its most fundamental form the condition relates to the equivalence of temperature, pressure and gibbs free energy of a species in the phases considered to be in equilibrium. We will start with periodic motion for the rst two lectures, with our speci c examples being the motion of a mass attached to the end of a spring, and the pendulum. Equilibrium phase diagrams represent the relationships between temperature and the compositions and the quantities of phases at equilibrium.
Learning objectives 2 phase diagrams be able to read a phase diagram be able to identify the phases present at a given point be able to calculate how much of those phases there are be able to predict the microstructures from the phase diagram 3 mixing understand the thermodynamic basis of mixing understand the origin of the miscibility gap be able to use the phase. They provide us with the knowledge of phase composition and phase stability as a function of temperature t, pressure p and composition c. S this means that at the phase transition temperature. If we have just one phase in equilibrium, or way over in the solid or just gas or just liquid part of the phase diagram. Most of the students in this course are graduate students. Phase equilibria clausiusclapeyron equation ehrenfest criteria. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy. Lecture notes in general equilibrium theory 1 by nicholas c. Monday, february 21, 2005 page 2 of 11 concept consider the reaction. The material in this lecture comes from the field of chemical thermodynamics. Pdf lecture notes on thermodynamics carlos martinez. Equilibrium is defined as a stage when chemical potential of any component present in the system stays steady with time.
It is a part of a system, uniform through out in chemical composition and physical properties, that is separated a uniform component part of the system that is separated from the other homogeneous parts e. Cbe2124, levicky 1 chapter 6 multiphase systems singlecomponent systems phase diagram. Notes on oscillations and mechanical waves the topics for the second part of our physics class this quarter will be oscillations and waves. Nonequilibrium phase transitions notes to lectures delivered in les houches summer school, july 2002 and in lausanne troisieme cycle lectures, january 2004 zolt an r acz research group of the hungarian academy of sciences, institute for theoretical physics, e otv os university, p azm any s et any 1a, 1117 budapest, hungary abstract. The thermodynamic basis for phase equilibrium is the same as for chemical equilibrium, namely that the gibbs energy g is minimized at a given t and p see page 174. Melting curve is the curve in the phase diagram along which solid and liquid phase of a system stays in equilibrium. Those that need some refreshing on their inorganic chemistry should open a chemistry textbook. A state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant. If at equilibrium the concentration of one of the reactants is increased. Math 312 lecture notes linearization warren weckesser department of mathematics colgate university 23 march 2005 these notes discuss linearization, in which a linear system is used to approximate the behavior of a nonlinear system. Heat treatmentheat treatment 66thth semester, mmesemester, mme 1. Lecture notes on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics pdf 502p this book covers. Phase equilibria phase equilibria phase equilibrium describes the way phases such as solid, liquid andor gas coexist at some temperatures and pressure, but interchange at. Chapter 14 equilibrium notes page 1 of 6 chapter 14.
Drude theory of metals university of california, irvine. Thus, the maximum concentration of a species in an aqueous stream in contact with an organic stream can be estimated by these calculations. The thermodynamics of phase equilibrium rigor of the theory that the painstaking establishment of the universal principles was meant to ensure is considerably impaired. Lecture notes on nonlinear systems and control spring semester 2018 eth zurich. Lecture notes massachusetts institute of technology. View lecture slides 2120 week 9 ch10,11 phase diagrams. Mats2008 thermodynamics and phase equilibria course outline session 1, 2014. Equilibrium is the state that is achieved given sufficient time. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments light light is a form of energy eyes.
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